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including customs, tradition, religion, folk customs, tourism, catering, etiquette, and so have other characteristics, the most detailed and most feature the most interesting one to be able to sub -
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Japan Overview
countries: Japan (Japan)
name of the Interpretation: sunrise of the country; reputation, said: cherry blossoms of the country
flag: The flag, was a rectangular shape, length and width ratio of 3:2. Face for the white flag, there is the middle of a red sun. A symbol of integrity and purity of the white, red symbol of good faith and enthusiasm. Japanese word meaning "sunrise of the country," Japan is a legend created by the sun god, the emperor is the son of Apollo, the sun from the flag.
Emblem: round, have drawn 16 yellow chrysanthemum petal design. Royal is also a chrysanthemum pattern on the Royal coat of arms design (below)
the national anthem: "Kimigayo"
flower: cherry
State Bird: Green Pheasant
country rock: Xiaojing
major festivals: Emperor's Birthday: Dec. 23 (Emperor Akihito was born on December 23, 1933
Physical Geography: Japan is an island, covering an area of 377,800 square kilometers, is located on the west side of the Pacific Ocean, separated from the West in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, the Korean Strait, the Sea of Japan and China, North Korea, South Korea and across Russia. By the National Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and about 4 Oshima island composed of more than 3900. Long coastline of over 30,000 km, and the Gulf port. Mountain and hills of the total area of 71%. There are more than 160 volcanoes, of which more than 50 active volcanoes is, the world's well-known earthquake zone. Mount Fuji is the country's highest peak, 3776 meters above sea level. Hot Springs across the country. The territory of the river flow short, the longest of the Shinano River, about 367 km. Lake Biwa is the largest lake, covering an area of 672.8 square kilometers. As the siege is located in the ocean, a maritime temperate monsoon climate. Summer and fall more than a typhoon, more than in June rainy season. In the northern region in January the average temperature of -10 ℃, in the southern island of Kyushu to 10 ℃; 7 month in the northern temperature of 18 ℃, in the south for 26 ℃. 700-3500 mm annual precipitation, up to 4000 mm and above. Tokyo, the capital, in January the average temperature of 3 ℃, 8 on temperature of 25 ℃.
Population: 1.2692 million (October 2000). Daiwa for the main ethnic group, region of Hokkaido, about 25,000 Ainu people. Japanese general. Shinto and Buddhism more popular.
ethnic and religious: for the Daiwa group, the Ainu of Hokkaido, about 20,000 people. Japanese general. Shinto and Buddhist more prevalent.
the capital: Tokyo (Tokyo), has a population of about 11,950,000 (January 2000).
administrative divisions: the Japanese are, prefectures is a parallel administrative region directly under the central government, but all in all, the prefectures have autonomy. There are a total of 1 are (Tokyo), a (Hokkaido), 2 House (Osaka, Kyoto Prefecture), 43 counties. His office called "Office" and "City Hall" and "Road Office," "House Chamber", "County Office", the Chief Executive referred to as "governor." Each, and prefectures under a number of cities, towns (the Chinese equivalent of the town) and village. His office said "the service", that is, "city hall" and "Town Hall" and "village hall", the Chief Executive called the "mayor" and "long-cho", "village head." 43 counties are: Aichi, Miyazaki, Akita, Nagano, Aomori and Nagasaki, Chiba, Nara, Fukui, Niigata, Fukuoka, Oita, Fukushima, Okayama, Gifu, Saga, Ehime, Okinawa, Gunma, Saitama, Hiroshima, Shiga, Hyogo, Shimane, Ibaraki, Shizuoka, Ishikawa, Li Mu, Iwate, Tokushima, Kagawa, Tottori, Kagoshima, Toyama, Kanagawa, Wakayama and Kochi, Yamagata, Kumamoto, Yamaguchi, Mie, Miyagi and Yamanashi.
A Brief History of
: the mid-4th century AD, in Japan's national unity ─ ─ Daiwa country. In the early 5th century, and international development to its peak, the force has been expanded to the south of the Korean Peninsula. Dahuagexin occurred in 645 AD, a system modeled on the imperative of the Tang Dynasty, the emperor for the establishment of an absolute monarchy, centralized state system. 12 by the end of the century into the warrior class of feudal power of the military, known as "Shogun" period. The mid-19th century, Britain and the United States, Russia and other countries to force Japan to sign a number of unequal treaties, ethnic and social conflicts, the implementation of State policies lock feudal Tokugawa shogunate rule shaken, with the reform of the capitalist ideology of the strength of local and long to send Satsuma Fan the two states, "Zunwangrangyi", "Fuguojiangbing" under the slogan down screen. In 1868, the reformist "Meiji Restoration" and the abolition of the feudal rule of the fan-screen system, the establishment of a unified national centralization of power and restore the supremacy of the rule of the Emperor. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan, the rapid development of capitalism, gradually external aggression and expansion of the road. In 1894, Japan launched the Sino-Japanese war; in 1904 to provoke the Russo-Japanese War; misappropriation of North Korea in 1910. In 1926, ascended the throne, Emperor Hirohito of Japan entered the Showa era. Japan's defeat in World War II, on August 15, 1945 announced the unconditional surrender. In the early postwar period, the U.S. military occupation of Japan alone. In May 1947 to implement the new constitution by the imperial system is the country with the emperor into a symbol of the country's national parliamentary cabinet system.
the Constitution and the political: the current "Constitution of Japan" in May 3, 1947 implementation. Constitution stipulates that the state in order to implement legislative, judicial and administrative separation of powers on the basis of the parliamentary cabinet system; for the Emperor of Japan and Japan's overall national symbol of the right to participate in national policy; "never give up the use of state power to wage war, or threat of force The use of force as means of settling international disputes, in order to achieve this, Japan does not maintain land, sea, air force and other combat forces, does not recognize the right of belligerency of the state. " Parliament said the Pan-National Assembly by the House and Senate, as the highest organ of state power and the only legislature. 480 personnel of the House of Representatives term of four years. Prime Minister has the right to dissolve the House of Representatives re-election ahead of schedule. 252 personnel of the Senate for a term of 6 years, 3 years each half of the election may not be the dissolution of the way. In power, the House of Representatives than the Senate. Congress in January to an annual meeting in June, and the duration of 150 days. Cabinet for the country's highest executive body in charge of the National Assembly, Prime Minister nominated by the National Assembly, appointed by the emperor, and other members of the cabinet by the appointment and removal of the Prime Minister, Emperor certification. Japan's judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and subordinate courts at all levels. "Three four-trial system." Supreme Court to the Court of Final Appeal, hearing the "unconstitutional" and other major cases. High Court responsible for the second instance, the national total of four. All in all, prefectures are located a district court (based Hokkaido 4), in charge of first instance. All over the country also has family courts and summary courts, responsible for civil penalties and a fine of not more than criminal proceedings. Supreme Court Chief Executive (President) nominated by the Cabinet, appointed by the emperor, the sentence of 14 things (the judges) appointed by the Cabinet, subject to review of the national vote. Other judges of the courts at all levels by the Supreme Court nomination, appoint the Cabinet for a term of 10 years, renewable. Judges at all levels through non-formal impeachment shall not be removed from office. Attorney body into the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office, the Higher Public Prosecutor's Office, District Public Prosecutor's Office. Prosecutors seized two chief (Attorney General), a long time, the thing seized a long, the prosecution, and other things. Things seized by the officials over a long cabinet appointment. Minister of the chief prosecution has the right to command.
Japan's political parties: the post-war Japan "party politics", on behalf of the different social classes and strata of the various political parties to restore or build one after another. Congress is currently participate in the activities of the major political parties are the Liberal Democratic Party, the Democratic Party, New Komeito Party, the Liberal Party, the Communist Party of Japan, Social Democratic Party, the Conservative Party, such as>> Click on the details
economy: Japan is an economic power. Poor in mineral resources, except coal, zinc and a small amount of storage, most of the dependence on imports. The main resources of the degree of dependence on imports: 95.2% coal, oil 99.7 percent, 96.4 percent of natural gas, iron ore 100%, 99.8% copper, bauxite 100%, 94.9% of lead ore, 100% nickel ore, phosphate rock by 100%, 85.2% zinc ores. Forest area of 24,640,000 hectares, accounting for 66.6 percent of the total land area, 55.1 percent dependent on imports of timber, is the world's largest timber imports. Rich in water resources, hydro-electric power generation volume accounted for about 35% of the total. Coastal waters rich in fishing resources. A highly developed industry, is the main pillar of the national economy, industrial output value of the gross domestic product by 40%. Japan from the beginning of the 1950s established the foundation for building the trade development plan. "customs", the beginning of Japan and other parties to achieve the same equal footing. In accordance with the basic principles of GATT, MFN, with the majority of countries and regions, free trade, Japan's foreign trade continued to expand the size of the creation of a favorable international market conditions. Since then, the rapid growth of Japan's foreign trade, major trading for the United States, the European Union and Asian countries. Japan's financial year from April 1 to March 31 next year.
military: World War II, Japan introduced a separate U.S. military occupation of Japan all the dissolution of the old army. After the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States to support the development of Japanese military forces. Japan's basic defense policy are: peace in the Constitution, the implementation of defense, insist on the Japan-US security system to ensure that civilian rule observe three principles of non-nuclear independently controlled to enhance defense forces. In 1976 to develop the "National Defense Program Outline," the defense raised the overall vision and approach to expansion: a balanced development in the defense posture, and adhere to the principle of great importance to the quality of the building, so that it can cope with the limited independence of the small-scale war. In 1990 to basically achieve the targets set by the outline. In December 1990, the Japanese Cabinet approved a new "mid-term defense preparedness plan" (1991-1995) to provide a total of 5-year military 22,750,000,000,000 yen, plans to focus on quality, and raise the level of weapons and equipment Strengthen logistics, intelligence, communications, construction, greater commitment of U.S. forces in Japan, and so on. November 1995 the Japanese government approved a total of about 25,100,000,000,000 yen for a period of five years of the new "National Defense Program Outline." In December 2000, the Government of Japan has developed a new defense force preparedness plan (2001-2005), with a total funding of up to 25.16 trillion yen. Promulgated in 1954, "Defense Agency" and "Self-Defense Forces Law," the formal establishment of the army, navy and air force component of the Self-Defense Force and the establishment of the Defense Agency. Cabinet of Prime supreme command of the Self-Defense Forces have the right to supervise. In 1956 the establishment of the defense council. In July 1986, "Security Council" to replace the original "National Defense Council" to deal with various unexpected incidents and with all the major national security matters, chaired by the Prime Minister. Defense Agency under the Prime Minister's Office, as a civilian by the Executive, by the Prime Minister ordered by Army, Navy, Air Force chief of staff (chief of staff) land, sea and air Self-Defense Forces commander in chief. Integration staff meeting (Joint Chiefs of Staff) is a subsidiary organ of the Defense Agency chief, responsible for the formulation and adjustment of the three armed forces operations, training and logistic supply plan to collect military intelligence analysis. Self-Defense Force to implement the voluntary military service system. Ground Self-Defense Force to serve for a period of 2-3 years, Sea and Air Self-Defense Force for 3 years. According to the hope that I can be an extension of service (2).
Education: Primary school system for 6 years, 3 years of junior high school, high school 3 years, 4 years of university, college 2 years to three years. 9-year compulsory education practice. University of National University, public universities and private universities. Japan is a country attaches great importance to education, the status of teachers is very high, well-known national universities are the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Waseda University and Keio University, and so on.
Press and Publication: Daily there is a comprehensive 121. The influential national newspaper reported that six known: "Asahi Shimbun", "Yomiuri Shimbun", "Daily News", "Japan's Sankei Shimbun", "Tokyo Shimbun", "Japanese Economic News." National issue of the three major local newspaper: "China and Japan", "Hokkaido", "West Japan Press." There are more influential magazine: "The central public opinion", "Japanese economy", "The Economist", "Spring and Autumn art." Radio and television stations there are nearly 200. National television, radio companies are: Japan Broadcasting (NHK), 1952 was established, a quasi-government in nature; Tokyo Broadcasting System Inc. (TBS), 1951 was set up; Japan's television network (NTV), 1953 was established. In addition to the NHK, the other television companies are private. Kyodo News Service of Japan's largest news agency. Jiji News Agency, Japan's second-largest news agency, referred to as the Jiji Press. The two agencies were established in 1945.
culture: Japan's unique geographical conditions and a long history and gave birth to the unique culture of Japan. Cherry, kimono, samurai and haiku, Sake, a traditional Shinto constitute two aspects of Japan - The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. In Japan there is the famous "3", that is, non-Japanese tea ceremony, flower arrangement and calligraphy.
also called the tea ceremony tea (tea), as a sense of beauty since ancient times on the ceremony by the upper strata of great love. Now, the tea ceremony was used as a focus on training, or training for the ritual behavior, the general public as widely accepted. In Japan there are many schools of various techniques to teach the tea ceremony schools, many hotels have also teahouse, you can easily enjoy the tea ceremony performance.
flower arrangement as a tea room in the reproduction of wild flowers in full bloom and the birth of the techniques. Display rules and methods are different, can be divided into more than 20 kinds of flower arrangement schools in Japan and there are many schools teach the techniques of ikebana schools. In addition, in hotels, department stores, public facilities and other places of the hall, you can enjoy the beautiful decorative arts of flower arranging.
sumo from Japan's Shinto religious ceremony. People in the Temple of the god of harvest for the tournament to be held, and look forward to be able to bring a good harvest. In the Nara period and peace, sumo is a court spectator sport, and to the Kamakura period of the Warring States period, sumo training to become warriors. 18th century, the rise of the professional sumo sport, and it is very similar to the sumo match. Shinto ceremony stressed the sumo sport, the pre-game ceremony foot (look around) will be aiming to become the venue of the evil away, but also play a role in muscle relaxation. Would also like to sprinkle salt on the site in order to achieve the purpose of purification, as Shinto doctrine that can salt away ghosts. Sumo matches on the table. Table for the entire square, as in the central circle, its diameter of 4.55 meters. Competition, the two beam Book Fashu bun, a Department of pocket with lower body, almost naked power play. Competition, in addition to the soles of his feet outside the Book should not touch any part of the table surface and at the same time should not exceed the circle. Competition in 12 minutes or even seconds can determine victory or defeat. Sumo's decision by a total of 6 people. Zheshan by the referee holding a "line of Division" as the stage and the remaining 5 were positive in the east, west and the referee was. Hercules is the highest rating of "yokozuna." The following is a mark, threatening clearance, Summary, the former neck, the four grades referred to as "screen time", belonging to the edge of the upper soil. Another is 12, under the screen, in addition to more low-level head of the three, three-paragraph order. I called a minimum order. Book to be an ordinary high grading is the need to make a lot of efforts; not through hard work, in order to obtain the lowest level, but also impossible.
traditional Japanese kimono is the national costume of the call. It also said Japan "fixtures." It is modeled on the Sui and Tang dynasties of China's kimono-style service reform. 8-9 Year of the century, Japan was once popular "wind Tang" clothing. Although the change after the formation of Japan's unique style, but still contains some of China's ancient clothing characteristics. Women's kimono style and color difference is the difference between the age of marriage and whether or not a sign. For example, unmarried girls wear tight clothes outside the sleeves, married women wear Kuanxiu outerwear; comb, "Shimada" hair style (Japanese-style hair, was bowl-shaped), red shirt collar is the girl, a round comb hair Bun, wearing a plain shirt is the housewife. Kimono no buttons, only a tie belt. However, many different types of belts, tie their way are quite different. Wider use of a knot method called "Taiko knot", tie a knot in the Office of the lumbar belt with a pad of paper or cloth made of the core subsamples, looking like a square box. This is what we often see behind the kimono accessories. As the tie is very cumbersome, and after the war have appeared in the ready-made knot, "with improvements" and "culture zone." Although the Japanese day-to-day apparel for the suit has long been replaced, but the wedding celebration of the traditional flower arrangement, tea ceremony and other grand social occasions, the kimono is still recognized Formal will.
judo in the world wide reputation. Judo is not the basic principles of attack, but a use of force in the other side of the body art, judo-level home with the belt color (primary: white/High: black) to show that.
Kendo is the martial arts from the samurai sword in an important derived out of the Japanese fencing sport. Competition in accordance with strict rules, dressed in special protective gear, with a barbed Zhudao each other's head, body and the hand fingertips.
karate by the Ryukyu Kingdom (now Okinawa) imported from China, Japan, fighting campaign. Karate does not use any weapons, only fists and feet, fighting with other sports, is a quite significant movement in the form of actual combat.
Aikido
was only a practice for the "form" of the movement, the basic idea is to not use force to confront forces. And sports such as judo and karate, aikido is no sense of rough as a spiritual exercise and fitness, very popular with the elderly and women welcome.
sushi (Sushi) is raw fish, raw shrimp, raw materials such as fish meal, with fine white rice, vinegar, seafood, such as horseradish, Niecheng rice for human consumption after a food. However, many different types of sushi, no less than hundreds, of sushi and regions have different characteristics. Most of the first rice Jiacu modulation, and then package volume of fish, meat, eggs, or laver be Doupi. Eat raw fish sushi, drink green tea or Japanese sake, do not have a flavor.
gift to the Japanese customs as a gift to each other that reflects the heart of the matter. Lilly is not thick, properly presented to the other side will be impressed. Japan to send gifts to choose appropriate, the four treasures of China, celebrity calligraphy and painting, handicrafts and so on of the most popular, but the size of pictures and not be too big. Send the gift package can not be rushed, even a box of tea should also be careful to manage. Chinese pairs were gifts, while the Japanese bullet Oujiu odd, often with odd-numbered 1,3,5,7 and so on, but the taboo "9", as in Japanese in "9" and the pronunciation of "Bitter "the same. According to Japanese customs, personal gift to be in private, the public should not be sent. Japanese green taboo. Do not like flowers, and like the cherry blossoms, ducks and turtles.
spots: Mount Fuji (Fuji Mountain) is located in south-central Honshu, 3776 meters above sea level, is Japan's highest peak, from the Japanese as "Holy Mountain" is a symbol of the Japanese nation, about 80 km away from Tokyo, Shizuoka cross, the two Yamanashi County, an area of 90.76 square kilometers. Hill throughout the lanes are cone-shaped, Peak snow. Fuji surrounded by Jianfeng, the White Mountains, for a long time to be Yue Zhi, Yue Japan, Izu Yue, Yue achievements, and three Komagatake Yue and so on, "Fujitsu eight peaks." Mount Fuji area also has travel fantasy Museum, the Museum of insects, the Office of Natural Science, Museum of stones, Fuji Museum, Science Museum of large, botanical gardens, bird park, Yehou parks and a variety of sports, entertainment places and so on. At the peak is located on the temple for a long time to be ─ ─ Chi shrine and Asama Shrine is the Fuji Hakone Izu National Park, a major scenic spot.
Tokyo Tower (Tokyo Tower) is located in the city of Tokyo, built in 1958, the tower 333 meters high, the highest in Japan with the upper part of the independent Tokyo Tower 7 television stations and 21 television stations and transit, such as radio broadcasting stations Antennas. 100-meter-high, two-storey building has a vision of Taiwan; in the 250 meters high, there is a particular vision of Taiwan. Looking all four sides of the Taiwan landing of large windows, tilt out the window. Looking to stand on the stage overlooking the city of Tokyo, the city's panoramic landscape. The lower part of the tower to tower building, for the first floor lounge, on the second floor of a shopping mall on the third floor is the size of Japan and the Far East in the first home of the Wax Museum, is on the fourth floor of the Museum of Modern and television studio, is on the fifth floor of the radio transmitters.
Toshodai Temple (Toshodai Temple) is located in the city of Nara Toshodai Temple by the Chinese Buddhist monk in the Tang Dynasty Monk Jianzhen hand-built, is the total Lvzong Japanese Buddhist temple, with the Chinese Tang Dynasty architectural style of buildings Japan identified as national treasures. Jianzhen monk in the Tang Dynasty (AD 688-763 years) 6th east to Japan, the balance in three years, the word Po (AD 759 years) to start the construction of about 770 years for completion in the year. Red banners on the temple door, "Toshodai Temple" is Japan's Takashi him like the Queen Wang, Wang font of the book. Terauchi, pine green, quiet courtyard, many temples, the balance of the Hall of the times, Jie Tan, the Nara period (AD 710-789 years) the latter part of Jintang, the Kamakura period (1185 AD-1333) of the Drum Tower, and the hall After the balance of the Buddha, and the instruments used in volume. Mikage Jianzhen Tomb of the east front, the Institute of the China Zhi from pine, sweet-scented osmanthus, peony, peony, "Sun Wenlian," "Toshodai Lotus Temple," "Toshodai Qinglian Temple," "Dance Fei Lin "" Japan-China friendship on a lotus flower "and the Yangzhou sargentii, and other flowers were different plants.
history of the Masters: Abe Nakamaro (AD 698 to 771): Chao Heng Chinese name (or value-North Korea), in the year 717 AD with Japan so that Tang sent to China to study in any of the Tang Dynasty from the Secretary of Sanpin supervisor and Wei Wei Qing, good Poetry. In the year 753, with the removal Tang would like to make the home to visit relatives, Xu Xuanzong's, and ordered him to pay a return visit envoys. He wrote a "Xianming States also wrote a poem," presented his friend of the Tang Dynasty. And he sent Ambassador Don River Fujiwara, and so on a boat for home pool. Chuanshan the Yangtze River estuary, he look up to the moon, and wrote a "Poem rural look." Later, due to the hurricane at sea, ships lost, to drift along the South China Sea. Finally, he returned to China and continue to serve in the Tang Dynasty. In 771 AD, Chang, died 73 years old.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1537 ~ 1598): Japan's Warring States period at the end of the feudal lords, the reunification of the country's generals. Mei Zhang, born in the village (this is a Nagoya). Kinoshita name only, a change of surname Hashiba, Toyotomi Cixing. Zhang Daming early as the end of (Lord) of the Department of Oda Nobunaga will be repeated to build military exploits. 1577 letter to start reunification of the country's long war Zheng Xi, served as a pioneer in China (this state in the western region), the four countries, Kyushu and other places of combat command, has put down Harima (now in the southern Hyogo Prefecture), Bizen (Okayama Prefecture in the south today ), The United States for (today the northern part of Okayama Prefecture), Tajima (now the northern part of Hyogo Prefecture), Inaba (now the eastern part of Tottori Prefecture) of the five countries. 1582 Chinese attack, surrounded by Takamatsu City (near the city of Okayama in this), with the Maori's decisive battle. In the same year was a long letter to the Department of Mitsuhide killed wise, with the Maori's peace, Hui Shi Mitsuhide crusade, and Yong-Sun Xiuxin trust for the heirs of all ages. But a long letter to the Department of Shibata singer Lixin For a long Nobutaka three sons. In 1583, Hideyoshi by the low-take the battle to eradicate singer Nobutaka with the coalition forces. In the same year to build the city of Osaka, Japan as the base. In 1584 and the second son of Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu Nobuo coalition forces fighting in Komaki, after the failure to make peace and alliance with Ieyasu, Oda Nobunaga established heir. 1585 annual rate of 100,000 troops put down the four countries I were lord chief, as white customs (to deal with the emperor assisted Chief highest office). Part-time government minister the following year, too, control of military and political power. 1587 Xingbing 300,000 Satsuma aggressive country (now Kagoshima Prefecture west) and then put down Kyushu. In 1590 sent 260,000 troops to eliminate the North's article, put down ou, Japan to complete the great cause of reunification. 1591 will be related to the child so that white post show times, claiming to be "too Court." Hokkaido in 1593 will be officially included in the territory of Japan. In 1592 and twice in 1597 sent troops to the Korean aggression (see Japanese Invasion of Korea in the Great Patriotic War). In August 1598 as a result of the failure of Qin Zhao, depressed and died. During the administration of agricultural land measurement, by Jia Gong rent; the collection of weapons, the implementation of farmers, soldiers separated; single currency, the abolition of barriers; the establishment of a centralized feudal lords rule, in order to lay the foundation for screen-fan system.
Fukuzawa (1834-1901): Japan outstanding modern enlightenment thinker and educator, Japan, one of the founders of modern civilization, known as "Japan's Voltaire." His early years studying in Europe and America, by modern science and Western influences and bourgeois democracy, after returning to a life-long education and translation activities, in order to spread Western culture and promote the development of capitalism in Japan made a great contribution to. 10,000 yen notes on the portrait of his 56-year-old when the photographs.
Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909): Japanese politicians. Cheung Chau (now Yamaguchi Prefecture) people. Fan with a disability who, when young people participate in the "Zunwangrangyi" campaign. Britain to study in 1863 to study the Navy, returned home screen was engaged in the campaign. After the establishment of the Meiji government, the policies advocated founding. Europe and the United States in 1882-1883 to study the Constitution, returned after leading the formulation of the Constitution of Great Japanese Empire (enacted 1889), four-term effect in 1885, Japanese Prime Minister, to pursue external aggression and expansion policy of aggression against China when Sino-Japanese War of the main planners and presided over , Once the post-war president of the Taiwan Affairs office. In 1909 in Harbin, China was North Korea stations Patriot Ahn stabbed to death.
Natsume (Natsume Souseki ,1897-1916): Modern Japanese literature writers. Natsume Soseki in 1897, born in Edo (Tokyo), was the youngest son, from a young age to the Han culture interested in Prefectural a time in three years after the Second Song to the Chinese School Society. The formation of his Confucian ethics and the Japanese sense of aesthetics. 18-year-old into the pre-university. 22-year-old Natsume changed again, rinse, Shi. 24-year-old entered the Tokyo Imperial University Department of English, this time from the start pessimistic world-weary, post-graduate time when suffering from the severe neurasthenia. Meiji 28 years, he suddenly resigned from the Graduate School, the four countries to make a Pine Tree Middle School English teacher. Songshan in the year, a collection of fiction, "young master" of the material. The following year, to Kumamoto, where married life for four years. Meiji 33 years, the Ministry of Education as a student to study in London. Meiji 36 years to return to Tokyo, from the beginning of a large number of literary creation. Published "I Am a Cat" and "Grass Pillow" and other works. His work is full of humor, enjoy in the United States and the world, known as the "send off." In 1916 as a result of the death of ulcer. Been referred to as "national writer" is also a critic of Natsume Soseki, haiku, artists and scholars. The Japanese yen dollars on bank notes bearing his portrait.
Kawabata Yasunari (Kawabata Yasunari, 1899 ~ 1972): Japan is contemporary novelist. Born in Osaka. Orphaned young, grandparents and sister after they died one after another. Depression alone with his life, which is reflected in his creations. In the Chinese University of Tokyo study professionals, to be reopened to participate in the "new ideas" (6th) magazine. Graduated in 1924. In the same year Wang and Lee set up first-class "Literature and Art Time" magazine, after the birth of this new feeling of sending one of the central figure. New Sensibility decline, to participate in new and emerging arts camp psychological campaign literature, creative life of more than 100 novels, short of more than long. Rich lyrical works, the pursuit of life, the distillation of the United States, and by Buddhism and the impact of nihilism. Early the following multi-layer as the female protagonist of the novel, to write their purity and unfortunate. The latter part of a number of works written between close relatives, and even the old people love abnormal psychology, to show the side of decadence. Become famous for the novel "The Izu Dancer" (1926) describes a high school student, "I" and the street's unfortunate and sad life. Works, "Snow Country" (1935 ~ 1937) describes the bottom of Snow Country women's physical and spiritual purity and the United States, as well as the writer of the deep sense of emptiness. Kawabata served as vice president of International PEN, the president of the Japan PEN level, and so on. In 1957 was elected member of Japan Art Academy. Japan has been the Government's Order of Culture, the French government's cultural and artistic decoration and so on. 1968 Nobel Prize for literature. In the 1972 suicide death of the studio.
1972, Mao Zedong met with Tanaka and Masayoshi Ohira
Diplomacy: Japan's foreign policy is based on the relationship between Japan and the United States as "axis", with emphasis on Western Europe, ASEAN and other countries to develop relations between Japan and China to improve relations with the Third World. In 1956, Japan was admitted to membership in the United States.
relations with China: September 29, 1972, to achieve normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, in January the following year to establish the embassy. China in Osaka, Fukuoka, Sapporo and Nagasaki, Japan in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang and Hong Kong respectively, to open Consulate-General. Japan has stationed in Dalian, Shenyang Consulate General Office in Chongqing set up embassy in consular offices. August 12, 1978, the two countries signed the "Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship", in October the same year, Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping's visit to Japan, the two sides exchange "of Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship" of ratification. In November 1998, President Jiang Zemin on a state visit to Japan, which is officially for the first time a Chinese head of state to visit Japan, China and Japan issued a "commitment to the establishment of peace and development of friendly and cooperative partnership in the joint declaration."
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Is an extension of the north-east to south-west of the island arc. Separated from the West in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, the Korean Strait, the Sea of Japan and China, North Korea, South Korea, the Russian side. Land area of 377,880 square kilometers, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu 4 Oshima and other small island more than 6800. The territorial sea area of 310,000 square kilometers. Russia and the existence of the "four northern islands" (Russian "islands"), the territorial dispute, South Korea and Takeshima existence of (South Korea called "Dokdo"), the territorial dispute. Mountain and hills of the total area of 71%. There are more than 160 volcanoes, of which more than 50 active volcanoes is, the world's well-known earthquake zone. Mount Fuji is the country's highest peak, 3776 meters above sea level. Hot Springs across the country. The territory of the river flow short, the longest of the Shinano River, about 367 km. Lake Biwa is the largest lake, covering an area of 672.8 square kilometers. As the siege is located in the ocean, a maritime temperate monsoon climate, moderate and humid all year round, no cold winter and summer without heat. Summer and fall more than a typhoon, more than in June rainy season. January average temperature in the northern -6 ℃, the South 16 ℃; 7 on the northern part of 17 ℃, the South 28 ℃. 700-3500 mm annual precipitation, up to 4000 mm and above.
population: about 1.2768 million (October 2004). Japanese Health, Labor and Welfare in September 2003 figures showed that as of September 1, the Japanese archipelago of more than 100 years old has reached 20,561 people.>>>
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Japan, the official name for Japan, Asia is located in the eastern part of the island, the territory from Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu four Oshima island and more than 3900, the Sea of Japan west of the Korean Peninsula and across the sea, East Surface of the Pacific. "Japan," the word of the name means "place of the rising morning sun." Sino-Japanese "Japanese" There are many written under pseudonyms, "shows that niぽN" (Nippon) the name or stamps for international sporting events, and "nほni" (Nihon) is more in the day-to-day in terms. English is considered in Japan from Zipangu or Xipangu (note the ancient Chinese dialect pronunciation of "Japan"). "とやma" (Yamato) is a region of ancient Japan, now in the Nara Prefecture, which means Hill was surrounded by four weeks. Daiwa forces in the expansion of political power, sometimes all the instructions Japan.
Japanese history
based on the myth of Japan, Japan experienced a long period of myths, legends transit as the descendants of the great God Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC was established in Japan and the emperor ascended the throne for. There are referring to the Buddhist Qin Xu Feng Qin Shi Huang had ordered, with 500 Tongnan Virgin (some say for 3000) to Japan to seek longevity medicine (a medicine in order to say the name of national recovery for real), then In this root. But today, but archaeological evidence shows that ancient Japan by a large number of tribes, as well as from countries in Northeast Asia to move the integration of nomadic evolved.
the year before the 6th century, Japan has been absorbed by the Korean countries from the Asian mainland culture. 6th century AD by Prince St, "the ancient push reform" and Siaode Emperor "Dahuagexin" reform, to learn Chinese, the imperial power to raise and strengthen the Government bureaucracy.
随着地方庄园势力的不断增强和中央政府的内乱,武士阶层逐渐上升到权力的中心。1192年,武士首领源赖朝被封为征夷大将军,建立镰仓幕府,开始了幕府在日本600多年的统治。这段时期一般分为:镰仓幕府、南北朝时代、室町幕府、战国时代、江户幕府。
到16世纪,葡萄牙、荷兰、英国和西班牙的商人和传教士到达日本。17世纪初,日本开始施行锁国政策,除了在长崎与荷兰和中国商人依然保持贸易外,与外国断绝一切关系。这个孤立政策持续了近200年,直到1854年美国海军准将佩里(Commodore Perry)率领舰队,驶抵江户附近的浦贺,才重新敲开了日本的国门。
与西方重新接触后的日本立即感受到自己在世界舞台长时间的缺席已造成相当程度上的落后。于是在以西南四藩(萨摩、长州、土佐、肥前)为主的维新志士带领下,开启了一场全国性的倒幕尊皇运动。这场大规模的运动结果便是1868年末代将军德川庆喜主动大政奉还以及以天皇为首的新政府。1868年开始的明治维新对日本进行了大刀阔斧的多项改革,封建体制被摈弃,引进西方的政治体制,包括了西方的法律体系以及政府体系。此外,其他在经济、政治、军事上的多项改革使日本实力逐渐增强。1879年,日本强行吞并了琉球群岛。日本随之膨胀的野心也导致了之后的中日甲午战争(1895年)以及日俄战争(1905年)。在这些战争中日本占领了朝鲜、台湾等多处领地,控制了中国东北,并获得巨额战争赔款,实力迅速膨胀。
20世纪初叶,日本军力发展迅速慢慢走上军国主义侵略扩张之路。1931年日本以从欧美殖民地中夺回亚洲人民自决之名目,实质攻打中国东北三省,建立了傀儡政府满洲国。1937年日本对中国进行侵略,引发侵华战争。1941年日本对美军驻地夏威夷的珍珠港进行偷袭,并侵略东南亚及大洋洲多个地区,引发太平洋战争。到战争后期,日本本土受到盟国的封锁和密集轰炸。1945年8月,美军在广岛和长崎投下两枚原子弹,苏联也加入对日作战。日本被迫投降,结束了二战。
战后的日本受美国主导下的联合国军最高司令官总司令部(GHQ)管辖,直到1952年为止。之后日本进入经济复苏与高度发展时期,国力再度增强,经济实力趋于雄厚。此外,日本重新加入联合国等国际组织,以及东京成功申办1964年夏季奥运会,显示日本已经重新获得世界的接纳,国际上的影响力也与日俱增。
军事
第二次世界大战结束之前,日本是一个军国主义国家。日本军队曾经侵略中国、韩国及位于东南亚的西方殖民地如马来西亚、新加坡、印尼、菲律宾等,并作为轴心国跟美国、英国、苏联等同盟国发生战争。1945年战败后,日本在美军总司令麦克阿瑟主导下制订和平宪法,当中的第九条规定日本不得拥有军队,因此部份美军仍留驻当地以加强国防,令日本,加上韩战后的韩国,成为美国在东亚军事存在的桥头堡。1950年朝鲜战争开始后,为了对抗苏联阵营,日本在美国的指导下逐渐开始武装起来,由警察部队发展出一支二十多万人的军事武装日本自卫队。起初,自卫队被限制在日本境内活动,但近年自卫队开始向海外派兵。其中2003年美伊战争爆发后,自卫队配合美军驻扎伊拉克协助当地重建工作。由于宪法所限,部队虽携有武器但只可在被袭击时用以自卫,故英国及意大利驻当地部队需负责其保安。
自1993年起,日本的军事支出曾连续10多年只仅次于美国。在2004年则位居美国、英国、法国之后为世界第四位。国防开支总额达49600亿日元,比2003年增加了0.7%。而人均国防费用则居世界第一。
2005年11月22日 执政党自由民主党在东京举行建党50周年纪念大会,并正式公布了其提出的宪法修改草案。草案的核心内容是抛弃了现行宪法中日本不得拥有陆海空三军等武装力量的规定,要求将日本自卫队升格为“自卫军”,并规定“自卫军”可以为“确保国际和平而展开国际合作活动”。草案需获议会通过,并经全民公决得到至少2/3赞同票才可生效。
政府与政治
日本为君主立宪国,宪法订明“主权在民”,而天皇则为“日本国及人民团结的象征”。如同世界上多数君主立宪制度,天皇于日本只有元首名义,并无政治实权,但备受民众敬重。
现在在日本实行的宪法实际上并非由日本国民草拟而是由美国、英国、中华民国联合的盟军统帅麦克阿瑟对二战战败的日本草拟再由日本天皇颁行的,宪法规定日本应该自行改善民主状况与不得进行核武器试验。但最近几年日本本国国内的部分反美主义势力兴起再加上朝鲜的核试验,所以有不少日本政治界右翼人士称应该放弃该宪法由日本人草拟自己的宪法并拥有核武器。
日本政治体制三权分立:立法权归两院制国会;司法权归裁判所,即法院;行政权归内阁、地方公共团体及中央省厅。
宪法规定国家最高权力机构为国会,众议院480席,参议院242席。选民为20岁以上的国民。
从1955年起,原称保守合同的自由民主党(自民党)一直长期执政,只是曾在1993年至1996年间短暂被对手替代执政,1996年后就一直执政到今天。其余野政党包括日本民主党、日本共产党等。现时日本由自民党及公明党组成的联合政府执政。
外交关系
国际关系上日本的最亲密盟友为美国,而由于美国在当地驻军,令日本在美国的东亚外交策略中有一定影响力。作为世界第二大经济体系,日本努力在世界舞台上争取与之相等的角色;曾联同德国、巴西及印度国组成四国集团向联合国提交改革安全理事会建议,其中提出加入该等国家为常任理事国。某些问题,例如捕鲸,偶尔令日本成为国际组织的批评对象,但日本与世界关系基本和谐。与此相对的是由于对二战历史、领土划界及军事威胁等的认知不尽相同,日本跟邻国,特别是中华人民共和国、朝鲜及韩国的关系则相对紧张。
领土纠纷
日本跟中华民国、中华人民共和国、韩国、俄罗斯等国家或地区都有领土争议。
钓鱼岛
位于台湾东北方向,琉球群岛西南,中华人民共和国政府称钓鱼岛或钓鱼台(日本称尖阁诸岛),属台湾省管辖;中华民国政府亦称钓鱼台属中华民国台湾省宜兰县管辖;但现由日本实际控制。美国在1972年移交琉球群岛的行政管辖权时把钓鱼岛一同移交的举动曾引发香港学生示威,而中国大陆和台湾也有民间人士参与了保钓运动,其中于1996年香港保钓人士陈毓祥于钓鱼台水域抗议时遇溺死亡。现任中国国民党主席马英九于学生时期曾参加保钓运动。
千岛列岛/北方四岛
千岛列岛/北方四岛位置.日本政府一直宣称对在二战期间被苏联占领,苏联解体后仍然由俄罗斯控制的千岛列岛最南端的国后、择捉、齿舞、色丹四岛(日本称北方四岛)、北部千岛列岛、南桦太(库页岛)拥有主权。
独岛/竹岛
日本亦宣称他们拥有位于日本海的竹岛(韩国称“独岛”)的“主权”,该岛现由韩国控制,韩国在这个岛上驻扎大量警察。
冲之鸟礁/岛
东海划界及天然气田开采
靖国神社
被视为军国主义象征的靖国神社建于一八六九年,原称东京招魂社,一八七九年命名为靖国神社,是为国牺牲的日本人,即“护国英灵”的灵魂聚集地。于一九七八年起供奉被远东军事法庭定罪的甲级战犯,称该等人士为“昭和殉难者”;据后来公开的皇室书信显示,天皇亦因此原因于一九七五年后未有再到神社。一九八五年日本战败四十周年,首相中曾根康弘官式参拜神社,惹来中国及韩国等于二次大战被侵略国家的抗议;此后直至二零零一年,未再有在任首相到神社官式参拜。二零零一年起首相小泉纯一郎在任六年间,于亚洲国家的批评下六次参拜靖国。中韩两国为此抨击日本政府历史观,并要求首相停止参拜,日本跟中国及韩国的关系亦因此转差。刚上任的首相安倍晋三并无明言会否参拜。
日本部份政治人物会参拜,并发表维护或鼓吹参拜的言论,外相麻生太郎亦曾公开要求天皇参拜靖国神社,批评者因此认为军国主义仍然存在于日本政府甚至社会内。
神社旁设二战历史博物馆游就馆,馆内文字介绍极力赞扬皇军,亦展示二战时期日军军备,还展出阵亡神风敢死队军人的相片。二零零六,于美国官员参观并对有关美国的内容作批评后,博物馆修改了指责美国的内容。
日本行政区划
日本被划分为47个一级行政区:1都,1道,2府,43县。
北海道 (1) - 北海道
本州 (34)
东北 - 青森县 - 岩手县 - 宫城县 - 秋田县 - 山形县 - 福岛县
关东 - 茨城县 - 櫔木县 - 群马县 - 埼玉县 - 千叶县 - 东京都 - 神奈川县
中部
甲信越 - 山梨县 - 长野县 - 新潟县
北陆 - 富山县 - 石川县 - 福井县
东海 - 岐阜县 - 爱知县 - 静冈县
近畿 - 三重县 - 滋贺县 - 京都府 - 大阪府 - 兵库县 - 奈良县 - 和歌山县
中国 - 鸟取县 - 岛根县 - 冈山县 - 广岛县 - 山口县
四国 (4) - 徳岛县 - 香川县 - 爱媛县 - 高知县
九州 (8) - 福冈县 - 佐贺县 - 长崎县 - 熊本县 - 大分县 - 宫崎县 - 鹿儿岛县
冲绳 - 冲绳县
地理
日本是一个位于太平洋西岸的岛国,由6800多个岛屿组成。北起北海道泽捉、东起东京南鸟岛、西至冲绳与那国岛(位于台湾东岸外海)。由四个主要岛屿北海道、九州、本州及四国与周边的千岛群岛、小笠原群岛及琉球群岛组成,其中四大岛的面积就占了国土面积的99.37%。国土总面积约为37.8万平方公里,与芬兰及巴拉圭相若;南北总长3800公里,与澳洲、马达加斯加、美国相似。
地貌地质
从板块构造学说(1968年勒皮顺划分)的观点,日本位于亚欧板块和太平洋板块的消亡边界,为西太平洋岛弧-海岸山脉-海沟组合的一部分。全国68%的地域是山地。日本最高的山是著名的富士山,海拔3,776米。由于平原较少,日本很多山上都种植农作物,最大的平原为关东平原。日本位于环太平洋火山地震带,全球有十分之一的火山位在日本,在全国都时常会发生火山活动。严重的地震则每一个世纪都会发生几次;近年发生的阪神大地震、新潟县中越地震都是芮氏地震规模6级以上的强震,受到世界各国关注。日本的温泉很多,并且已经发展成为旅游景点。
气候
由于日本的岛屿呈北东向延伸得很长,南北跨越纬度约20度,因此有多种温度带。气候类型大部分是温带季风气候,南部的九州、四国、琉球群岛(归属存在争议)有副热带季风气候。北部的岛屿夏天温暖,冬天则十分漫长、寒冷,还时常有大量降雪。而中西部地区则冬天比较干燥,很少下雪,夏天潮湿。
日本是岛国,又深受黑潮影响,海洋性显著。
三月至四月是春季,五月至九月初是夏季,九月至十一月是秋季,十一月底至二月是冬季。盛夏至初秋常受热带气旋(台风)侵袭。
:日本经济
政府以资本扶持工业与企业、强大的劳动力、高科技的发展以及较低的军事预算比例(占GDP的1%),帮助日本经济高速发展,并成为当今科技发达程度仅次于美国的经济体,以及仅次于美国的全球第二大经济体。日本的经济特点是生产商、供应商和经销商的紧密结合;强大的企业联盟;以及部分城市人口的终身就业保障。然而这些特点目前都正随著时代与社会环境变迁而慢慢失。
日本的经济支柱—工业需要倚赖进口的原材料和能源。而较小的农业则倚赖政府的补助与保护,日本的大米能够自给自足,但其他农作物的50%则需要进口。日本是全球最大的渔业国家之一,捕鱼量占全球总捕鱼量的近15%。日本经济自1950年代末期起,保持了20多年的高度成长:1960年代政府提出“所得倍增计划”,出现平均10%的增长;1970年代初期虽然碰上石油危机,平均仍有5%的增长;1980年代则为平均4%的增长。而从1990年代开始,日本经济趋于不景气,主要是由于1980年代末的过度投资所造成的资产膨胀,以及证券及房地产市场的“泡沫化”,最终在逾放比过高与日圆不断升值下,泡沫经济瓦解。政府改革经济的努力成效不大,不过,1997年的亚洲金融危机和2001年的美国经济衰退只为当时的日本经济带来轻微影响。
虽然日本经济增长减缓,但失业率依旧长期处于低水平。
拥挤的居住环境的以及人口老龄化是两大长期问题。机器人制造则是主要的长期经济优势,全球720,000个机器人中,日本拥有410,000只,可以说是机器人王国。
:日本人口
据总务省统计局公布的“平成17年国势调查”指出,截至2005年10月1日止,日本总人口为1亿2775万6815人,在全世界排行第十,人口正逐渐减少;人口密度343人/平方公里,其中又以东岸地区与南部地区最为密集。全国80%的人口居住于城市或大城镇,26%以上的人口居住在大东京地区(首都圈),49%以上的人口集中在东京都、大阪府及神奈川县,而东京都人口密度为5,748人/km2。
日本人(日本国民)的民族构成比较简单,但并不是单一民族国家。大致百分之98是大和族,其余有200万人左右的琉球人(明治维新后的1872年被日本政府并吞的琉球王朝的遗民)、3万人左右的阿伊努族、30万多的日籍朝鲜族、10万人左右的日籍汉族等。除了日本人以外还有200万外国人合法居住在日本,包括60万朝鲜、韩国人、50万中国人等。大和族的人种起源于日本群岛、亚洲大陆及附近的太平洋群岛等各个地方,语言与文化受到邻近的中国及朝鲜影响。现在包括外国人的日本居民中99%以上的人口畅通日语。剩余的1%以下主要包括了新近移居的中国人、巴西人等,也或多或少兼通日语。现行的公用语言是以江户山手地区(今东京中心一带)的方言为基础的“标准语”。
宗教
神道与佛教是日本的主要宗教,其中神道是在日本本土所发展出来的宗教。大多数日本人并不信奉某一特定宗教,但是许多宗教仪式或活动已经与日本人的生活融为一体,如婚礼和葬礼。许多人由于历史的原因以及科学的发展而对宗教不关心,但生老病死的一生中也关系到多种宗教。
日本文化
日本国花 菊花、樱花(没有法律规定)
日本新年
日本节日
日本历
日本传统艺能
表演:能、狂言、歌舞伎、文乐、落语、雅乐、神乐、漫才、新喜剧
文学:俳句、短歌(和歌)、川柳
艺道:茶道、华道、香道、花押、水墨画、舞妓、艺者、日本髪
日本色情业
日本音乐
日本摇滚乐
日本动漫
日本武士
武士道、忍者、日本刀、铠、日本兜、家纹、城
日本宗教
日本体育
相扑、武道、柔道、剑道、弓道、空手道、水术、棒术、居合道、武术、昆虫相扑
日本棋艺
将棋、围棋、花礼
摘要:求关于日本资料
问题:
包括风土人情、习俗、宗教、民俗、旅游、饮食、礼仪等等其他有特色的方面,最详细,最有特色,最有趣的一位能到分
回答:
日 本 概 况
国名:日本国 (Japan)
国名释义: 日出之国;誉称:樱花之国
国旗:太阳旗,呈长方形,长与宽之比为3∶2。旗面为白色,正中有一轮红日。白色象征正直和纯洁,红色象征真诚和热忱。日本国一词意即“日出之国”,传说日本是太阳神所创造,天皇是太阳神的儿子,太阳旗来源于此。
国徽:圆形,绘有16瓣黄色的菊花瓣图案。菊花图案也是皇室御纹章上的图案(下图 )
国歌:《君之代》
国花:樱花
国鸟:绿雉
国石:小晶
主要节日:天皇诞辰日:12月23日(明仁天皇生于1933年12月23日
自然地理:日本是一个岛国,面积37.78万平方公里,位于太平洋西侧,西隔东海、黄海、朝鲜海峡、日本海与中国、朝鲜、韩国和俄罗斯相望。全国由北海道、本州、四国、九州4个大岛和约3900多个小岛组成。海岸线长3万多公里,多海湾和良港。山地和丘陵占总面积的71%。全国有160多座火山,其中50多座是活火山,为世界上有名的地震区。富士山是全国的最高峰,海拔3776米。温泉遍布全国各地。境内河流流程短,最长的信浓川长约367公里。最大的湖泊是琵琶湖,面积672.8平方公里。由于地处海洋的包围之中,属温带海洋性季风气候。夏秋两季多台风,6月份多梅雨。北部地区1月份平均气温为-10℃,九州岛南部为10℃;7月份北部气温为18℃,南部为26℃。年降水量700—3500毫米,最高达4000毫米以上。首都东京1月平均气温3℃,8月气温为25℃。
人口:1.2692亿(2000年10月)。主要民族为大和族,北海道地区约有2.5万阿伊努族人。通用日语。神道和佛教较盛行。
民族与宗教: 主要为大和族,北海道约有2万阿伊努族人。通用日语。神道和佛道较盛行。
首都:东京(Tokyo),人口约1195万(2000年1月)。
行政区划:日本的都、道、府、县是平行的一级行政区,直属中央政府,但各都、道、府、县都拥有自治权。全国共有1都(东京都)、1道(北海道)、2府(大阪府、京都府)、43个县。其办事机构称为“厅”,即“都厅”、“道厅”、“府厅”、“县厅”,行政长官称为“知事”。每个都、道、府、县下设若干个市、町(相当于中国的镇)、村。其办事机构称“役所”,即“市役所”、“町役所”、“村役所”,行政长官称为“市长”、“町长”、“村长”。43个县是:爱知、宫崎、秋田、长野、青森、长崎、千叶、奈良、福井、新舄、福冈、大分、福岛、冈山、岐阜、佐贺、爱媛、冲绳、群马、埼玉、广岛、滋贺、兵库、岛根、 茨城、静冈、石川、櫔木、岩手、德岛、香川、鸟取、鹿儿岛、富山、神奈川、和歌山、高知、山形、熊本 、山口、三重、山梨与宫城。
简史:公元4世纪中叶,日本出现统一的国家──大和国。5世纪初,大和国发展到鼎盛时期,势力曾扩大到朝鲜半岛南部。公元645年发生大化革新,仿照唐朝律令制度,建立起天皇为绝对君主的中央集权国家体制。12世纪末进入由武士阶层掌握实权的军事封建国家,史称“幕府”时期。19世纪中叶,英、美、俄等国家迫使日本签订许多不平等条约,民族矛盾和社会矛盾激化,实行封建锁国政策的德川幕府统治动摇,具有资本主义改革思想的地方实力派萨摩和长州两藩,在“尊王攘夷”、“富国强兵”的口号下倒幕。1868年,革新派实行“明治维新”,废除封建割据的幕藩体制,建立统一的中央集权国家,恢复天皇至高无上的统治。明治维新后,日本资本主义发展迅速,对外逐步走上侵略扩张的道路。1894年,日本发动甲午战争;1904年挑起日俄战争;1910年侵吞朝鲜。1926年,裕仁天皇登基,日本进入昭和时代。日本在第二次世界大战中战败,1945年8月15日宣布无条件投降。战后初期,美军对日本实行单独占领。1947年5月实施新宪法,由绝对天皇制国家变为以天皇为国家象征的议会内阁制国家。
宪法及政治:现行《日本国宪法》于1947年5月3日实施。宪法规定,国家实行以立法、司法和行政三权分立为基础的议会内阁制;天皇为日本国和日本国民总体的象征,无权参与国政;“永远放弃把利用国家权力发动战争、武力威胁或行使武力作为解决国际争端的手段,为达此目的,日本不保持陆、海、空军及其他战争力量,不承认国家的交战权”。议会泛称国会,由众、参两院组成,为最高权力机关和唯一立法机关。众议院定员480名,任期4年。首相有权提前解散众议院重新选举。参议院定员252名,任期6年,每3年改选半数,不得中途解散。在权力上,众议院优于参议院。国会每年1月至6月开会,会期150天。内阁为国家最高行政机关,对国会负责,首相由国会提名,天皇任命,其他内阁成员由首相任免,天皇认证。日本的司法权属于最高法院及下属各级法院。采用“四级三审制”。最高法院为终审法院,审理“违宪”和其他重大案件。高等法院负责二审,全国共设四所。各都、道、府、县均设地方法院一所(北海道设四所),负责一审。全国各地还设有家庭法院和简易法院,负责民事及不超过罚款刑罚的刑事讼诉。最高法院长官(院长)由内阁提名,天皇任命,14名判事(法官)由内阁任命,需接受国民投票审查。其他各级法院法官由最高法院提名,内阁任命,任期10年,可连任。各级法官非经正式弹劾,不得罢免。检察机构分为最高检察厅、高等检察厅、地方检察厅。检察官分为检事总长(总检察长)、次长、检事长、检事等。检事长以上官员由内阁任命。法务大臣对检事总长有指挥权。
日本的政党: 战后日本实行“政党政治”,代表不同阶级、阶层的各种政党相继恢复或建立。目前参加国会活动的主要政党有自民党、民主党、公明党、自由党、日本共产党、社民党、保守党等%26gt;%26gt; 详情点击
经济:日本是一个经济强国。矿产资源贫乏,除煤、锌有少量储藏外,绝大部分依赖进口。主要资源依赖进口的程度为:煤95.2%,石油99.7%,天然气96.4%,铁矿石100%,铜99.8%,铝矾土100%,铅矿石94.9%,镍矿石100%,磷矿石100%,锌矿石85.2%。森林面积2464万公顷,占国土总面积的66.6%,但木材55.1%依赖进口,是世界上进口木材最多的国家。水力资源丰富,水力发电量约占发电总量的35%。近海渔业资源丰富。工业高度发达,是国民经济的主要支柱,工业产值占国内生产总值的40%。日本从二十世纪五十年代开始确立了贸易立国的发展方针。%26quot;入关%26quot;后,日本开始取得和其他缔约方同样的平等地位。按照关贸总协定最惠国待遇的基本原则,同大多数国家和地区进行自由贸易,为日本对外贸易规模的不断扩大创造了有利的国际市场条件。此后,日本对外贸易迅速增长,主要贸易对象为美国、亚洲国家和欧盟国家。日本财政年度从当年4月1日至次年3月31日。
军事:二战后,美军对日实行单独军事占领,日本旧军队全部解散。朝鲜战争爆发后,美国支持日本发展军事力量。日本防卫的基本政策是:在和平宪法下,实行专守防卫,坚持日美安保体制,确保文官统治,遵守非核三原则,自主地有节制地增强防卫力量。1976年制订《防卫计划大纲》,提出防卫总体设想和扩军方针:保持均衡发展的防卫态势,坚持重视质量的建军原则,使之能独立应付有限的小规模战争。至1990年已基本达到大纲所定指标。1990年12月,日本内阁会议批准了新“中期防卫力量整备计划”(1991-1995年),规定5年军费总额为22.75万亿日元,计划的重点是注重质量,提高武器装备水平,加强后勤、情报、通信建设,更多地承担驻日美军费用等。1995年11月日本政府又批准总额约25.1万亿日元为期五年的新《防卫计划大纲》。2000年12月,日本政府制订了新一期防卫力量整备计划(2001-2005年),总经费高达25.16万亿日元。1954年颁布《防卫厅设置法》和《自卫队法》,正式建立陆、海、空力量组成的自卫队,并成立防卫厅。内阁首相对自卫队拥有最高指挥监督权。1956年成立国防会议。1986年7月“安全保障会议”取代原“国防会议”,负责处理各种突发事件和一切与国家安全有关的重大事宜,由首相任主席。防卫厅隶属总理府,长官由文职人员担任,受首相之命,通过陆、海、空军幕僚长(参谋长)统帅陆海空自卫队。统合幕僚会议(参谋长联席会议)是防卫厅长官的辅助机构,负责拟定和调整三军的作战、训练和后勤补给计划,搜集分析军事情报。自卫队实行志愿兵役制。陆上自卫队服役期为2至3年,海、空自卫队为3年。根据本人希望可延期服役期一次(2年)。
教育:学制为小学6年、初中3年、高中3年、大学4年、大专2年至3年。实行9年义务教育。大学有国立大学、公立大学和私立大学。日本是一个非常重视教育的国家,教师的地位非常高,著名的国立综合大学有东京大学,京都大学、早稻田大学和庆应大学等。
新闻出版:综合性日报社有121家。全国有影响的报纸通称六大报:《朝日新闻》、《读卖新闻》、《每日新闻》、《日本产经新闻》、《东京新闻》、《日本经济新闻》。全国发行的三大地方报为:《中日新闻》、《北海道新闻》、《西日本新闻》。较有影响的杂志有:《中央公论》、《东洋经济》、《经济学人》、《文艺春秋》等。广播电台、电视台有近200家。全国性的电视、广播公司主要有:日本广播协会(NHK),1952年成立,属半官方性质;东京广播公司(TBS),1951年成立;日本电视广播网公司(NTV),1953年成立。除日本广播协会外,其他电视广播公司均为私营。共同通讯社是日本最大的通讯社。时事通讯社是日本第二大通讯社,简称时事社。两社均创立于1945年。
文化:日本独特的地理条件和悠久的历史,孕育了别具一格的日本文化。樱花、和服、俳句与武士、清酒、神道教构成了传统日本的两个方面--菊与剑。在日本有著名的 %26quot;三道%26quot;,即日本民间的茶道、花道、书道。
茶道也叫作茶汤(品茗会),自古以来就作为一种美感仪式受到上流阶层的无比喜爱。现在,茶道被用作训练集中精神,或者用于培养礼仪举止,为一般民众所广泛地接受。日本国内有许多传授茶道各流派技法的学校,不少宾馆也设有茶室,可以轻松地欣赏到茶道的表演。
花道作为一种在茶室内再现野外盛开的鲜花的技法而诞生。因展示的规则和方法的有所不同,花道可分成20多种流派,日本国内也有许多传授花道各流派技法的学校。另外,在宾馆、百货商店、公共设施的大厅等各种场所,可以欣赏到装饰优美的插花艺术。
相扑来源于日本神道的宗教仪式。人们在神殿为丰收之神举行比赛,盼望能带来好的收成。在奈良和平安时期,相扑是一种宫廷观赏运动,而到了镰仓战国时期,相扑成为武士训练的一部分。18世纪兴起了职业相扑运动,它与现在的相扑比赛极为相似。神道仪式强调相扑运动,比赛前的跺脚仪式(四顾)的目的是将场地中的恶鬼趋走,同时还起到放松肌肉的作用。场地上还要撒盐以达到净化的目的,因为神道教义认为盐能驱赶鬼魅。相扑比赛在台子上进行。整个台子为正方形,中部为圆圈,其直径为4.55米。比赛时,两位力士束发梳髻,下身系一条兜带,近乎赤身裸体上台比赛。比赛中,力士除脚掌外任何部分不得触及台子表面,同时也不得超出圆圈。比赛在一二分钟甚至几秒钟内便能决出胜负。相扑的裁判共由6人组成。主裁判由手持折扇“行司”登台担任,其余5人分别在正面、东面、西面及裁判席上。大力士的最高等级是“横纲”。下面是大关、关胁、小结、前颈,这四个等级被称为“幕内”,属于力土中的上层。再次是十两、幕下,除此之外还有更低级的三段目、序三段。最低一级叫序口。一个普通力士要想获得较高的等级是需要花费很大气力的;不经过艰苦努力,要想获得最低的等级,也是不可能的。
和服是日本传统民族服装的称呼。它在日本也称“着物”。和服是仿照我国隋唐服式改制的。公元八至九世纪,日本一度盛行过“唐风”服装。以后虽有改变形成日本独特的风格,但仍含有我国古代服装的某些特色。妇女和服的款式和花色的差别是区别年龄和结婚与否的标志。例如,未婚的姑娘穿紧袖外服,已婚妇女穿宽袖外服;梳“岛田”式发型(日本式发型之一,呈钵状),穿红领衬衣的是姑娘,梳圆发髻,穿素色衬衣的是主妇。和服不用钮扣,只用一条打结的腰带。腰带的种类很多,其打结的方法也各有不同。比较广泛使用的一种打结方法叫“太鼓结”,在后腰打结处的腰带内垫有一个纸或布做的芯子,看去像个方盒。这就是我们常看到的和服背后的装饰品。由于打结很费事,战后又出现了备有现成结的“改良带”和“文化带”。虽然今天日本人的日常服装早已为西服所替代,但在婚礼、庆典、传统花道、茶道以及其他隆重的社交场合,和服仍是公认的必穿礼服。
柔道在全世界有广泛声誉。柔道的基本原理不是攻击、而是一种利用对方的力量的护身之术,柔道家的级别用腰带的颜色(初级∶白/高级∶黑)来表示。
剑道是指从武士的重要武艺剑术中派生而出的日本击剑运动。比赛者按照严格的规则,身着专用防护具,用一把竹刀互刺对方的头、躯体以及手指尖。
空手道是经琉球王国(现在的冲绳)从中国传入日本的格斗运动。空手道不使用任何武器、仅使用拳和脚,与其它格斗运动相比,是一种相当具有实战意义的运动形式。
合气道原来只是一种用于练习“形式”的运动,其基本理念是对于力量不采用力量进行对抗。与柔道和空手道等运动相比,没有粗野感的合气道作为一种精神锻炼和健身运动,很受老年人和女性的欢迎。
寿司(Sushi)是以生鱼片、生虾、生鱼粉等为原料,配以精白米饭、醋、海鲜、辣根等,捏成饭团后食用的一种食物。寿司的种类很多,不下数百种,各地区的寿司也有不同的特点。大多数是先用米饭加醋调制,再包卷鱼、肉、蛋类,加以紫菜或豆皮。吃生鱼寿司时,饮日本绿茶或清酒,别有一番风味。
赠礼习俗日本人将送礼看作是向对方表示心意的物质体现。礼不在厚,赠送得当便会给对方留下深刻印象。送日本人礼品要选择适当,中国的文房四宝、名人字画、工艺品等最受欢迎,但字画的尺寸不宜过大。所送礼品的包装不能草率,哪怕是一盒茶叶也应精心打理。中国人送礼成双,日本人则避偶就奇,通常用1、3、5、7等奇数,但又忌讳其中的%26quot;9%26quot;,因为在日语中%26quot;9%26quot;的读音与%26quot;苦%26quot;相同。按日本习俗,向个人赠礼须在私下进行,不宜当众送出。日本人禁忌绿色。不喜欢荷花,而喜欢樱花、乌龟和鸭子。
名胜:富士山 (Fuji Mountain) 位于本州中南部,海拔3776米,是日本最高峰,日本人奉之为“圣山”,是日本民族的象征,距 东京约80公里,跨静冈、山梨两县,面积为90.76平方公里。整个山体呈圆锥状, 山顶终年积雪。富士山四周有剑峰、白山岳、久须志岳、大日岳、伊豆 岳、成就岳、驹 岳和三岳等“富士八峰”。富士山区还设有幻想旅行馆、昆虫博物馆、自然科学厅、奇石博物馆、富士博物馆、大型科学馆、植物园、野鸟园、野猴公园和各种体育、游艺场所等。坐落在顶峰上的圣庙──久须志神社和浅间神社是富士箱根伊豆国立公园的主要风景区。
东京塔 (Tokyo Tower) 位于东京市内,建成于1958年,塔高333米,这座日本最高的独立铁塔上部装有东京都7个电视台、21个电视中转台和广播台等的无线电发射天线。在100米高的地方,建有一个二层楼高的展望台;在250米高的地方,也设有一个特别展望台。展望台四边都是落地的大玻璃窗,窗向外倾斜。站在展望台上可俯瞰东京市容,全市景观尽收眼底。塔的下部为铁塔大楼,一楼为休息厅,二楼有商场,三楼是规模居日本及远东第一的蜡像馆,四楼是近代科学馆和电视摄影棚,五楼是电台发射台。
唐招提寺 (Toshodai Temple) 位于奈良市的唐招提寺是由中国唐代高僧鉴真和尚亲手兴建的,是日本佛教律宗的总寺院,这座具有中国盛唐建筑风格的建筑物被确定为日本国宝。唐代高僧鉴真(公元688—763年)第6次东渡日本后,于天平宝字三年(公元759年)开始建造,大约于公元770年竣工。寺院大门上红色横额“唐招提寺”是日本孝谦女皇仿王羲之、王献之的字体 所书。寺内,松林苍翠,庭院幽静,殿宇重重,有天平时代的讲堂、戒坛,奈良时代(公元710—789年)后期的金堂,镰仓时代(公元1185一1333年)的鼓楼、礼堂及天平以后的佛像、法器和经卷。御影堂前东面有鉴真墓,院中植有来自中国的松树、桂花、牡丹、芍药、“孙文莲”、“唐招提寺莲”、“唐招提寺青莲”、“舞妃莲”、“日中友谊 莲”和扬州的琼花等名花异卉。
历史名人:阿倍仲麻吕(公元698~771年):中文名晁衡(或朝衡),于公元717年随日本遣唐使来中国留学,后在唐朝任从三品秘书监兼卫尉卿,擅长诗文。公元753年,想随遣唐使回国探亲,唐玄宗许之,并命他为回访使者。他写了一首“衔命还国作诗”,赠给他的唐朝朋友。他和遣唐大使藤原清河等,共乘一舟回国。船山长江口,他仰望明月,又写了一首“望乡诗”。后来由于海上飓风,船迷失方向,漂到南海一带。最后他又返回中国,继续在唐朝任职。公元771年,在长安逝世,终年七十三岁。
丰臣秀吉(Toyotomi Hideyoshi,1537~1598):日本战国时代末期封建领主,统一全国的武将。生于尾张国中村(今属名古屋)。始姓木下,改姓羽柴,赐姓丰臣。早年为尾张国大名(领主)织田信长的部将,屡建战功。1577年信长开始统一全国的战争后任征西先锋,在中国(今本州西部地区)、四国、九州等地指挥作战,先后平定播磨(今兵库县南部)、备前(今冈山县南部)、美作(今冈山县北部)、但马(今兵库县北部)、因幡(今鸟取县东部)五国。1582年进攻中国,包围高松城(在今冈山市附近),与毛利氏决战。同年信长被部将明智光秀杀害后,与毛利氏讲和,回师讨伐光秀,并拥立信长幼孙秀信为继承人。但信长部将柴田胜家欲立信长三子信孝。1583年,秀吉经贱岳之战消灭胜家与信孝的联军。同年建大阪城,作为统一日本的根据地。1584年与信长次子信雄和德川家康联军战于小牧,失利后媾和,并与家康结盟,确立织田信长继承人的地位。1585年率10万大军平定四国领主长宗我部,出任关白(辅助天皇处理政务的最高官职)。翌年兼任太政大臣,控制军政大权。1587年兴兵30万进取萨摩国(今鹿儿岛县西部),进而平定九州。1590年出动26万大军灭北条氏,平定奥羽地方,完成日本统一大业。1591年将关白职位让予养子秀次,自称“太阁”。1593年将北海道正式划入日本版图。1592年和1597年两次出兵侵略朝鲜(见朝鲜壬辰卫国战争)。1598年8月因侵朝失败,郁闷而死。执政期间,丈量农地,增加贡租;收缴武器,实行农、兵分离;统一货币,废除关卡;建立中央集权的封建领主统治,为幕藩体制奠定基础。
福泽谕吉(1834-1901):日本近代杰出启蒙思想家、教育家,日本近代文明的缔造者之一,被誉为“日本的伏尔泰”。他早年留学欧美,深受近代科学和西方资产阶级民主思想影响,回国后毕生从事教育和著译活动,为传播西方文化,推动日本资本主义发展作出了巨大贡献。一万日元纸币上的肖像就是他56岁时的照片。
伊藤博文(1841-1909):日本政治家。长州(今山口县)人。出身藩士,青年时参加“尊王攘夷”运动。1863年留学英国学习海军,回国后从事倒幕运动。明治政府成立后,主张开国政策。1882-1883年赴欧美考察宪法,归国后领导制订大日本帝国宪法(1889颁布),1885年起四任日本首相,对外奉行侵略扩张政策,是甲午战争时侵略中国的主要策划者和主持人,战后一度任台湾事务总裁。1909年在中国哈尔滨车站被朝鲜爱国者安重根刺死。
夏目漱石(Natsume Souseki,1897-1916):日本近代文学作家的代表。夏目漱石1897年生于江户(东京),是家中的幼子,从小对汉文化感兴趣,在府立一中读了三年之后,转到汉学塾二松学社。形成了他的儒教伦理观和东洋美学意识。18岁进入大学预科。22岁重新改姓夏目,号漱石。24岁进入东京帝国大学英语系,从这时起开始悲观厌世,读研究生时患了重度的神经衰弱。明治二十八年,他突然辞去研究生院的工作,到四国松山中学做了一名英语教师。在松山的一年间,收集了小说《少爷》的素材。第二年,到了熊本,在这里结婚,生活了四年。明治三十三年,作为文部省留学生到英国伦敦留学。明治三十六年回到东京,从此开始大量的文学创作。发表了《我是猫》、 《草枕》等作品。他的作品充满幽默,畅游于美的世界中,被称为%26quot;余裕派%26quot;。1916年因胃溃疡去世。被喻为%26quot;国民作家%26quot;的夏目漱石 也是批评家、俳人、画家、学者。日元的千元钞票上印有他的头像。
川端康成(Kawabata Yasunari,1899~1972):日本现、当代小说家。出生在大阪。幼年父母双亡,后祖父母和姐姐又陆续病故。孤独忧郁伴其一生,这反映 在他的创作中。在东京大学国文专业学习时,参与复刊《新思潮》(第6次)杂 志。1924年毕业。同年和横光利一等创办《文艺时代》杂志,后成为由此诞生的新感觉派的中心人物之一。新感觉派衰落后,参加新兴艺术派和新心理主义文学运动,一生创作小说100多篇,中短篇多于长篇。作品富抒情性,追求人生升华的美,并深受佛教思想和虚无主义影响。早期多以下层女性作为小说的主人公,写她们的纯洁和不幸。后期一些作品写了近亲之间、甚至老人的变态情爱心理,表现出颓废的一面。成名作小说《伊豆的舞女》(1926年)描写一个高中生“我”和流浪人的感伤及不幸生活。名作《雪国》(1935~1937)描写了雪国底层女性形体和精神上的纯洁和美,以及作家深沉的虚无感。川端担任过国际笔会副会长、日本笔会会长等职。1957年被选为日本艺术院会员。曾获日本政府的文化勋章、法国政府的文化艺术勋章等。1968年获诺贝尔文学奖。1972年在工作室自杀去世。
1972年,毛泽东在中南海会见田中角荣和大平正芳
外交:日本的对外政策是以日美关系为“基轴”,重视同西欧、东盟等国的合作,发展日中关系,改善同第三世界关系。1956年,日本被接纳为联合国会员国。
与中国关系:1972年9月29日,中日实现邦交正常化,翌年1月互设大使馆。中国在大阪、福冈、札幌、长崎,日本在上海、广州、沈阳和香港分别开设总领事馆。日本在大连设有驻沈阳总领馆办事处,在重庆设有驻华使馆领事部办事处。1978年8月12日,两国签署《中日和平友好条约》,同年10月邓小平副总理访日,双方互换《中日和平友好条约》批准书。1998年11月,江泽民主席对日本进行国事访问,这是中国国家元首首次正式访日,中日两国发表了《关于建立致力于和平与发展的友好合作伙伴关系的联合宣言》。
回答:
是一个由东北向西南延伸的弧形岛国。西隔东海、黄海、朝鲜海峡、日本海与中国、朝鲜、韩国、俄罗斯相望。陆地面积377880平方公里,包括北海道、本州、四国、九州4个大岛和其它6800多个小岛屿。领海面积310000平方公里。与俄罗斯存在“北方四岛”(俄方名为“南千岛群岛”)领土争端,与韩国存在竹岛(韩方名为“独岛”)领土争端。山地和丘陵占总面积的71%。全国有160多座火山,其中50多座是活火山,为世界上有名的地震区。富士山是全国的最高峰,海拔3776米。温泉遍布全国各地。境内河流流程短,最长的信浓川长约367公里。最大的湖泊是琵琶湖,面积672.8平方公里。由于地处海洋的包围之中,属温带海洋性季风气候,终年温和湿润,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑。夏秋两季多台风,6月份多梅雨。1月平均气温北部-6℃,南部16℃;7月北部17℃,南部28℃。年降水量700—3500毫米,最高达4000毫米以上。
人口:约1.2768亿(2004年10月)。日本厚生劳动省2003年9月公布的数字显示,截至9月1日,日本列岛百岁以上的老人已达到20561人。%26gt;%26gt;%26gt;
回答:
日本,正式名称为日本国,是位于亚洲东部的岛国,领土由北海道、本州、四国、九州四个大岛和3900多个小岛组成,西临日本海与朝鲜半岛隔海相望,东面是太平洋。“日本”这个词的名字意思是“朝阳升起的地方”。日语中“日本”一词有多种假名写法,“にっぽん”(Nippon)这个名字用于邮票或者是国际性体育赛事,而“にほん”(Nihon)则多出现在日常用语中。英语中的Japan被认为来自Zipangu或Xipangu(记下古代汉语方言发音的“日本国”)。“やまと”(大和)是日本古代的一个地区,在现在的奈良县,意思是四周被山所包围的地方。大和政权势力扩大之后,有时指示日本全部。
日本历史
依据日本神话,日本在经历一段漫长的神话时期后,传说中天照大神的后裔神武天皇于公元前660年建立日本国并即位为天皇。有指秦朝的居士徐福曾奉秦始皇之命,带同五百童男童女(一说为三千)到日本寻求长生不老药(一说以求药为名,复国为实),后来却在此落地生根。不过今日的考古证据却表明,古代的日本是由众多的部落国家以及自东北亚迁徙来的游牧民族融合演变而成的。
公元6世纪前,日本透过朝鲜诸国一直吸收来自于亚洲大陆的文化。公元6世纪,通过圣德太子“推古改制”和孝德天皇“大化革新”等改革,学习中国,提高皇权,强化政府官僚制度。
随着地方庄园势力的不断增强和中央政府的内乱,武士阶层逐渐上升到权力的中心。1192年,武士首领源赖朝被封为征夷大将军,建立镰仓幕府,开始了幕府在日本600多年的统治。这段时期一般分为:镰仓幕府、南北朝时代、室町幕府、战国时代、江户幕府。
到16世纪,葡萄牙、荷兰、英国和西班牙的商人和传教士到达日本。17世纪初,日本开始施行锁国政策,除了在长崎与荷兰和中国商人依然保持贸易外,与外国断绝一切关系。这个孤立政策持续了近200年,直到1854年美国海军准将佩里(Commodore Perry)率领舰队,驶抵江户附近的浦贺,才重新敲开了日本的国门。
与西方重新接触后的日本立即感受到自己在世界舞台长时间的缺席已造成相当程度上的落后。于是在以西南四藩(萨摩、长州、土佐、肥前)为主的维新志士带领下,开启了一场全国性的倒幕尊皇运动。这场大规模的运动结果便是1868年末代将军德川庆喜主动大政奉还以及以天皇为首的新政府。1868年开始的明治维新对日本进行了大刀阔斧的多项改革,封建体制被摈弃,引进西方的政治体制,包括了西方的法律体系以及政府体系。此外,其他在经济、政治、军事上的多项改革使日本实力逐渐增强。1879年,日本强行吞并了琉球群岛。日本随之膨胀的野心也导致了之后的中日甲午战争(1895年)以及日俄战争(1905年)。在这些战争中日本占领了朝鲜、台湾等多处领地,控制了中国东北,并获得巨额战争赔款,实力迅速膨胀。
20世纪初叶,日本军力发展迅速慢慢走上军国主义侵略扩张之路。1931年日本以从欧美殖民地中夺回亚洲人民自决之名目,实质攻打中国东北三省,建立了傀儡政府满洲国。1937年日本对中国进行侵略,引发侵华战争。1941年日本对美军驻地夏威夷的珍珠港进行偷袭,并侵略东南亚及大洋洲多个地区,引发太平洋战争。到战争后期,日本本土受到盟国的封锁和密集轰炸。1945年8月,美军在广岛和长崎投下两枚原子弹,苏联也加入对日作战。日本被迫投降,结束了二战。
战后的日本受美国主导下的联合国军最高司令官总司令部(GHQ)管辖,直到1952年为止。之后日本进入经济复苏与高度发展时期,国力再度增强,经济实力趋于雄厚。此外,日本重新加入联合国等国际组织,以及东京成功申办1964年夏季奥运会,显示日本已经重新获得世界的接纳,国际上的影响力也与日俱增。
军事
第二次世界大战结束之前,日本是一个军国主义国家。日本军队曾经侵略中国、韩国及位于东南亚的西方殖民地如马来西亚、新加坡、印尼、菲律宾等,并作为轴心国跟美国、英国、苏联等同盟国发生战争。1945年战败后,日本在美军总司令麦克阿瑟主导下制订和平宪法,当中的第九条规定日本不得拥有军队,因此部份美军仍留驻当地以加强国防,令日本,加上韩战后的韩国,成为美国在东亚军事存在的桥头堡。1950年朝鲜战争开始后,为了对抗苏联阵营,日本在美国的指导下逐渐开始武装起来,由警察部队发展出一支二十多万人的军事武装日本自卫队。起初,自卫队被限制在日本境内活动,但近年自卫队开始向海外派兵。其中2003年美伊战争爆发后,自卫队配合美军驻扎伊拉克协助当地重建工作。由于宪法所限,部队虽携有武器但只可在被袭击时用以自卫,故英国及意大利驻当地部队需负责其保安。
自1993年起,日本的军事支出曾连续10多年只仅次于美国。在2004年则位居美国、英国、法国之后为世界第四位。国防开支总额达49600亿日元,比2003年增加了0.7%。而人均国防费用则居世界第一。
2005年11月22日 执政党自由民主党在东京举行建党50周年纪念大会,并正式公布了其提出的宪法修改草案。草案的核心内容是抛弃了现行宪法中日本不得拥有陆海空三军等武装力量的规定,要求将日本自卫队升格为“自卫军”,并规定“自卫军”可以为“确保国际和平而展开国际合作活动”。草案需获议会通过,并经全民公决得到至少2/3赞同票才可生效。
政府与政治
日本为君主立宪国,宪法订明“主权在民”,而天皇则为“日本国及人民团结的象征”。如同世界上多数君主立宪制度,天皇于日本只有元首名义,并无政治实权,但备受民众敬重。
现在在日本实行的宪法实际上并非由日本国民草拟而是由美国、英国、中华民国联合的盟军统帅麦克阿瑟对二战战败的日本草拟再由日本天皇颁行的,宪法规定日本应该自行改善民主状况与不得进行核武器试验。但最近几年日本本国国内的部分反美主义势力兴起再加上朝鲜的核试验,所以有不少日本政治界右翼人士称应该放弃该宪法由日本人草拟自己的宪法并拥有核武器。
日本政治体制三权分立:立法权归两院制国会;司法权归裁判所,即法院;行政权归内阁、地方公共团体及中央省厅。
宪法规定国家最高权力机构为国会,众议院480席,参议院242席。选民为20岁以上的国民。
从1955年起,原称保守合同的自由民主党(自民党)一直长期执政,只是曾在1993年至1996年间短暂被对手替代执政,1996年后就一直执政到今天。其余在野政党包括日本民主党、日本共产党等。现时日本由自民党及公明党组成的联合政府执政。
外交关系
国际关系上日本的最亲密盟友为美国,而由于美国在当地驻军,令日本在美国的东亚外交策略中有一定影响力。作为世界第二大经济体系,日本努力在世界舞台上争取与之相等的角色;曾联同德国、巴西及印度国组成四国集团向联合国提交改革安全理事会建议,其中提出加入该等国家为常任理事国。某些问题,例如捕鲸,偶尔令日本成为国际组织的批评对象,但日本与世界关系基本和谐。与此相对的是由于对二战历史、领土划界及军事威胁等的认知不尽相同,日本跟邻国,特别是中华人民共和国、朝鲜及韩国的关系则相对紧张。
领土纠纷
日本跟中华民国、中华人民共和国、韩国、俄罗斯等国家或地区都有领土争议。
钓鱼岛
位于台湾东北方向,琉球群岛西南,中华人民共和国政府称钓鱼岛或钓鱼台(日本称尖阁诸岛),属台湾省管辖;中华民国政府亦称钓鱼台属中华民国台湾省宜兰县管辖;但现由日本实际控制。美国在1972年移交琉球群岛的行政管辖权时把钓鱼岛一同移交的举动曾引发香港学生示威,而中国大陆和台湾也有民间人士参与了保钓运动,其中于1996年香港保钓人士陈毓祥于钓鱼台水域抗议时遇溺死亡。现任中国国民党主席马英九于学生时期曾参加保钓运动。
千岛列岛/北方四岛
千岛列岛/北方四岛位置.日本政府一直宣称对在二战期间被苏联占领,苏联解体后仍然由俄罗斯控制的千岛列岛最南端的国后、择捉、齿舞、色丹四岛(日本称北方四岛)、北部千岛列岛、南桦太(库页岛)拥有主权。
独岛/竹岛
日本亦宣称他们拥有位于日本海的竹岛(韩国称“独岛”)的“主权”,该岛现由韩国控制,韩国在这个岛上驻扎大量警察。
冲之鸟礁/岛
东海划界及天然气田开采
靖国神社
被视为军国主义象征的靖国神社建于一八六九年,原称东京招魂社,一八七九年命名为靖国神社,是为国牺牲的日本人,即“护国英灵”的灵魂聚集地。于一九七八年起供奉被远东军事法庭定罪的甲级战犯,称该等人士为“昭和殉难者”;据后来公开的皇室书信显示,天皇亦因此原因于一九七五年后未有再到神社。一九八五年日本战败四十周年,首相中曾根康弘官式参拜神社,惹来中国及韩国等于二次大战被侵略国家的抗议;此后直至二零零一年,未再有在任首相到神社官式参拜。二零零一年起首相小泉纯一郎在任六年间,于亚洲国家的批评下六次参拜靖国。中韩两国为此抨击日本政府历史观,并要求首相停止参拜,日本跟中国及韩国的关系亦因此转差。刚上任的首相安倍晋三并无明言会否参拜。
日本部份政治人物会参拜,并发表维护或鼓吹参拜的言论,外相麻生太郎亦曾公开要求天皇参拜靖国神社,批评者因此认为军国主义仍然存在于日本政府甚至社会内。
神社旁设二战历史博物馆游就馆,馆内文字介绍极力赞扬皇军,亦展示二战时期日军军备,还展出阵亡神风敢死队军人的相片。二零零六年,于美国官员参观并对有关美国的内容作批评后,博物馆修改了指责美国的内容。
日本行政区划
日本被划分为47个一级行政区:1都,1道,2府,43县。
北海道 (1) - 北海道
本州 (34)
东北 - 青森县 - 岩手县 - 宫城县 - 秋田县 - 山形县 - 福岛县
关东 - 茨城县 - 櫔木县 - 群马县 - 埼玉县 - 千叶县 - 东京都 - 神奈川县
中部
甲信越 - 山梨县 - 长野县 - 新潟县
北陆 - 富山县 - 石川县 - 福井县
东海 - 岐阜县 - 爱知县 - 静冈县
近畿 - 三重县 - 滋贺县 - 京都府 - 大阪府 - 兵库县 - 奈良县 - 和歌山县
中国 - 鸟取县 - 岛根县 - 冈山县 - 广岛县 - 山口县
四国 (4) - 徳岛县 - 香川县 - 爱媛县 - 高知县
九州 (8) - 福冈县 - 佐贺县 - 长崎县 - 熊本县 - 大分县 - 宫崎县 - 鹿儿岛县
冲绳 - 冲绳县
地理
日本是一个位于太平洋西岸的岛国,由6800多个岛屿组成。北起北海道泽捉、东起东京南鸟岛、西至冲绳与那国岛(位于台湾东岸外海)。由四个主要岛屿北海道、九州、本州及四国与周边的千岛群岛、小笠原群岛及琉球群岛组成,其中四大岛的面积就占了国土面积的99.37%。国土总面积约为37.8万平方公里,与芬兰及巴拉圭相若;南北总长3800公里,与澳洲、马达加斯加、美国相似。
地貌地质
从板块构造学说(1968年勒皮顺划分)的观点,日本位于亚欧板块和太平洋板块的消亡边界,为西太平洋岛弧-海岸山脉-海沟组合的一部分。全国68%的地域是山地。日本最高的山是著名的富士山,海拔3,776米。由于平原较少,日本很多山上都种植农作物,最大的平原为关东平原。日本位于环太平洋火山地震带,全球有十分之一的火山位在日本,在全国都时常会发生火山活动。严重的地震则每一个世纪都会发生几次;近年发生的阪神大地震、新潟县中越地震都是芮氏地震规模6级以上的强震,受到世界各国关注。日本的温泉很多,并且已经发展成为旅游景点。
气候
由于日本的岛屿呈北东向延伸得很长,南北跨越纬度约20度,因此有多种温度带。气候类型大部分是温带季风气候,南部的九州、四国、琉球群岛(归属存在争议)有副热带季风气候。北部的岛屿夏天温暖,冬天则十分漫长、寒冷,还时常有大量降雪。而中西部地区则冬天比较干燥,很少下雪,夏天潮湿。
日本是岛国,又深受黑潮影响,海洋性显著。
三月至四月是春季,五月至九月初是夏季,九月至十一月是秋季,十一月底至二月是冬季。盛夏至初秋常受热带气旋(台风)侵袭。
:日本经济
政府以资本扶持工业与企业、强大的劳动力、高科技的发展以及较低的军事预算比例(占GDP的1%),帮助日本经济高速发展,并成为当今科技发达程度仅次于美国的经济体,以及仅次于美国的全球第二大经济体。日本的经济特点是生产商、供应商和经销商的紧密结合;强大的企业联盟;以及部分城市人口的终身就业保障。然而这些特点目前都正随著时代与社会环境变迁而慢慢流失。
日本的经济支柱—工业需要倚赖进口的原材料和能源。而较小的农业则倚赖政府的补助与保护,日本的大米能够自给自足,但其他农作物的50%则需要进口。日本是全球最大的渔业国家之一,捕鱼量占全球总捕鱼量的近15%。日本经济自1950年代末期起,保持了20多年的高度成长:1960年代政府提出“所得倍增计划”,出现平均10%的增长;1970年代初期虽然碰上石油危机,平均仍有5%的增长;1980年代则为平均4%的增长。而从1990年代开始,日本经济趋于不景气,主要是由于1980年代末的过度投资所造成的资产膨胀,以及证券及房地产市场的“泡沫化”,最终在逾放比过高与日圆不断升值下,泡沫经济瓦解。政府改革经济的努力成效不大,不过,1997年的亚洲金融危机和2001年的美国经济衰退只为当时的日本经济带来轻微影响。
虽然日本经济增长减缓,但失业率依旧长期处于低水平。
拥挤的居住环境的以及人口老龄化是两大长期问题。机器人制造则是主要的长期经济优势,全球720,000个机器人中,日本拥有410,000只,可以说是机器人王国。
:日本人口
据总务省统计局公布的“平成17年国势调查”指出,截至2005年10月1日止,日本总人口为1亿2775万6815人,在全世界排行第十,人口正逐渐减少;人口密度343人/平方公里,其中又以东岸地区与南部地区最为密集。全国80%的人口居住于城市或大城镇,26%以上的人口居住在大东京地区(首都圈),49%以上的人口集中在东京都、大阪府及神奈川县,而东京都人口密度为5,748人/km2。
日本人(日本国民)的民族构成比较简单,但并不是单一民族国家。大致百分之98是大和族,其余有200万人左右的琉球人(明治维新后的1872年被日本政府并吞的琉球王朝的遗民)、3万人左右的阿伊努族、30万多的日籍朝鲜族、10万人左右的日籍汉族等。除了日本人以外还有200万外国人合法居住在日本,包括60万朝鲜、韩国人、50万中国人等。大和族的人种起源于日本群岛、亚洲大陆及附近的太平洋群岛等各个地方,语言与文化受到邻近的中国及朝鲜影响。现在包括外国人的日本居民中99%以上的人口畅通日语。剩余的1%以下主要包括了新近移居的中国人、巴西人等,也或多或少兼通日语。现行的公用语言是以江户山手地区(今东京中心一带)的方言为基础的“标准语”。
宗教
神道与佛教是日本的主要宗教,其中神道是在日本本土所发展出来的宗教。大多数日本人并不信奉某一特定宗教,但是许多宗教仪式或活动已经与日本人的生活融为一体,如婚礼和葬礼。许多人由于历史的原因以及科学的发展而对宗教不关心,但生老病死的一生中也关系到多种宗教。
日本文化
日本国花 菊花、樱花(没有法律规定)
日本新年
日本节日
日本历
日本传统艺能
表演:能、狂言、歌舞伎、文乐、落语、雅乐、神乐、漫才、新喜剧
文学:俳句、短歌(和歌)、川柳
艺道:茶道、华道、香道、花押、水墨画、舞妓、艺者、日本髪
日本色情业
日本音乐
日本摇滚乐
日本动漫
日本武士
武士道、忍者、日本刀、铠、日本兜、家纹、城
日本宗教
日本体育
相扑、武道、柔道、剑道、弓道、空手道、水术、棒术、居合道、武术、昆虫相扑
日本棋艺
将棋、围棋、花礼
Posted:2007-10-30 9:37:00
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